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Pharmacy and Wellness Review

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is an escalating global threat driven by inappropriate antibiotic use and shaped by socioeconomic disparities. Social determinants of health, including limited healthcare access, poverty, low health literacy, and environmental conditions, contribute to higher rates of resistant infections and poorer treatment outcomes in underserved populations. Barriers such as pharmacy deserts, self-medication, and inadequate stewardship infrastructure amplify these risks. Pharmacists, as accessible and highly trained healthcare professionals, play a critical role in combating antimicrobial resistance by optimizing antibiotic use, delivering culturally competent education, and leading antimicrobial stewardship programs across settings. Community and clinical pharmacists are especially well positioned to bridge gaps in care, advocate for equitable policy solutions, and implement evidence-based interventions. Expanding pharmacists’ roles through legislative reforms, targeted training, and integration of digital health tools can enhance stewardship efforts and reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance. Prioritizing pharmacist-led approaches is essential for preserving antimicrobial efficacy, improving health equity, and ensuring access to effective treatments for all populations.

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